a. Definition of Figurative Languages
Based on Abrams (1999:96), tells that figurative languages was a conspicuous departure from what users of language apprehend as the standard meaning of words, or else the standard order of words, in order to achieve some special meaning or effect.
Figurative languages often provide a more effective means of saying what people mean than direct statement. In the specific sense, figurative languages may take the form of figures of speech. Style especially figurative languages known in rhetoric is style. Style derived from the Latin word stylus that is a kind of tool to write on a slab lily. Skill using this tool will affect the clarity of that. At press time emphasis on skills to write beautifully, then the style and turn into the ability and skill to write or use words beautifully.
b. Kinds of Figurative Languages
According to Abrams (1999:7) tells that figurative languages consist of 15 figurative languages. Due to time constraints, the researcher only focus on five types of speech consist of alliteration, hyperbole, metaphor, personification and simile. Another reasonresearcher took five kinds of figurative languages because Nicholas Sparks as the author used figurative languages for more.
There are several of figurative languages, as follows:
a) Alliteration
According to Abrams (1999:8) says that alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. Meanwhile, Keraf (2009:132) states that “aliterasi adalah jenis gaya yang berwujud perulangan konsonan yang sama”.
For Example:
1. Wide-eyed and wondering while we wait for others to waken
Sentence above are words that have the same consonants in pronounce repeatedly. First word in this sentence begins with alphabet of “W”, and next words also using it.
2. Betty bought butter but the butter was bitter, so Betty bought better butter to make the bitter butter better.
Sentence above are words that have the same consonants in pronounce repeatedly. First word in this sentence begins with alphabet of “B”, and next words also using it.
From expert’s opinion and example above, it can be concluded that alliteration is repetition of speech sound in same words and also figurative languages that repeating the first word that is repeated again on the next word.
b) Hyperbole
According to Keraf (2009:135) tells that “hiperbola adalah jenis gaya yang berisi berlebihan, melebih-lebihkan sesuatu”. Its means that hyperbole is a kind of style that contains an overstatement, to exaggerate something. Meanwhile, Tarigan (2004:71) states that “hiperbola adalah gaya yang mengungkapkan sesuatu dengan berlebihan melebihi apa yang sebenarnya dimaksudkan”. Its means that hyperbole is style that reveals something with exaggerated exceeds what is actually meant.
For example
1. Her voice was shrill so solve our ear.
This statement is overstatement. Statement said that voice of a woman is shrill so people’s ear will solve.
2. You snore louder than a freight train.
This statement is overstatement. This sentence explains that sound of someone’s snore is louder than a freight train. In fact sound a freight train is very loud.
From expert’s opinion and example above, it can be concluded that hyperbole is figurative language which express about something with exaggerated, so it does not correspond to the actual reality.
c) Metaphor
According to Keraf (2009: 139) tells that metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares two things directly, but in a form that brief. Metaphor as direct comparisons do not use the word: as, tubs, like, and so on, so that the first principal directly connected with the principal second fact. Process the same as simile but gradually equations and basic information about the first eliminated.
Metaphor is a word or expression that in literal usage denotes one kind of thing is applied to a distinctly different kind of thing, without asserting a comparison (Abrams, 1999:97).
For Example
1. He has a heart of stone
In the example above, there is a comparison between he as a human with has a heart of stone.
2. You are my sunshine
Example above, explain comparison between two things, “you are as someone and my sunshine as own of someone.
From expert’s opinion and example above, it can be concluded that metaphor has similar with simile, sentence which compare two things but do not use “like” and as.
d) Personification
According to Keraf (2009:140) tells that personifikasi adalah semacam gaya bahasa kiasan yang menggambarkan benda mati atau barang yang tidak bernyawa seolah-olah memiliki sifat-sifat sifat manusia. It means that personification is a kind of style of figurative language depicting inanimate objects or goods that do not animate as if it has the properties of human nature.Meanwhile, Lingga (2007:15) states that personifikasi adalah "representasi dari benda mati atau ide-ide abstrak sebagai makhluk hidup. It means that personification is a “representation of inanimate object or abstract ideas as living beings”.
In addition, Abrams (1999:99) says that personification, or in the Greekterm, prosopopeia, in which either an inanimate object or an abstract concept spoken of as though it were endowed with life or with human attributes or feelings (compare pathetic fallacy).
For Example:
1. The moon smiles at us.
In the sentence includes the word "moon" which is smiling. Smiling is an action performed by an object or a human life,but in the quote, performed by inanimate objects.
2. The wind touched my skin.
From example above there is a word “the wind” which is inanimate, that can touch where word “touch” is human action.
3. The sun played hide and seek with the clouds
In this sentence, there is word “the sun “which is inanimate do act like human is played hide and seek.
From expert’s opinion and example above, it can be concluded that personification is kind of figurative language that function to describe an inanimate object as if it has properties or capabilities as humans.
e) Simile
According to Keraf (2009:138) simile is a comparison that is explicit, is a comparison that is explicit is the same she implying something with it other. Therefore, it shows the effort that explicitly shows the similarities are such words, same, as, as if, like, etc.
Meanwhile, Perrine (1982:61) simile is the explicit comparison of two things, indicates by the word or phrase such as like, as, than, similar, resemble or seems. In addition, Abrams (1999:97) states that “simile is a comparison between two distinctly different things is explicitly indicated by the word "like" or "as".
For Example:
1. “Her lips are chapped like pomegranate”.
This sentence compare between two manners. Consist of her lips are chapped and pomegranate, and this sentences using “like”.
2. John’s style as funny as a barrel of monkeys
This sentence said that compare between John’s styles with barrel of monkey. This sentence also used “as …as”, which is simile characteristic.
3. They fought like cats and dogs
Based on this example explain comparison between their fought with cat and dog. This example also using “like” which is simile characteristics.
From expert’s opinion and example above, it can be concluded that simile was comparison that explicit, between two things using conjunctive. It were like, as than, similar, resemble or seems.
